max travel distance obc

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Guide to the ADA Accessibility Standards

This guide explains requirements in the ADA Standards and referenced sections of the International Building Code (IBC) and was developed in cooperation with the International Code Council.

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Required Compliance with the IBC

Accessible means of egress must be provided according to the International Building Code (IBC). Issued by the International Code Council (ICC), the IBC addresses the number of means of egress required and technical criteria for them, including fire–resistance rating, smoke protection, travel distance, width, and other features. The Standards currently apply the IBC 2003 edition or the 2000 edition and 2001 supplement. The Access Board plans to update these references. Compliance with a later edition may be possible under the provision for “equivalent facilitation” (§103) if it is comparable to, or stricter than, the referenced editions.

Means of Egress

A means of egress is an unobstructed path to leave buildings, structures, and spaces. A means of egress is comprised of exit access, exit, and exit discharge.

Components of a Means of Egress

Required Means of Egress [IBC §1007.1 (2003), §1003.2.13 (2000)]

The IBC requires at least two means of egress from all spaces and buildings with few exceptions. Some spaces and buildings are allowed to have one means of egress if the travel distance to an exit is short and the occupant load is low. For example, a business occupancy with no more than 30 occupants and a maximum exit access travel distance of 75 feet is permitted to have a single means of egress. More than two means of egress are required where the occupant load is 500 or more (at least 3) and 1,000 or more (at least 4). The IBC requirements for accessible means of egress apply to new construction; accessible means of egress are not required to be added in alterations to existing facilities.

An accessible means of egress, as defined by the IBC, is a “continuous and unobstructed way of egress travel from any point in a building or facility that provides an accessible route to an area of refuge, a horizontal exit, or a public way.” Where more than one means of egress is required from any accessible space, each accessible portion of the space must be served by at least two accessible means of egress. Accessible spaces can be served by one accessible means of egress only where the IBC permits one means of egress.

Accessible Means of Egress

Accessible spaces must be served by at least two accessible means of egress with few exceptions. Accessible means of egress must extend from all accessible portions of a room or space. The IBC specifies maximum travel distances to reach an exit.

Accessible means of egress can share a common path of egress travel as allowed for means of egress by the applicable building or life safety code (§207.1).

The IBC (2003) permits one accessible means of egress from:

• wheelchair seating in assembly areas with sloped floors where the common path of travel meets aisle requirements for assembly areas and
• mezzanines served by an enclosed exit stairway or elevator equipped with standby power.

Exit Access on Floors Above (or Below) the Level of Exit Discharge

On floors above or below the level of exit discharge, accessible means of egress must lead to exit stairways, horizontal exits, or to elevators equipped with standby power. These are locations where those unable to use stairs can await assisted rescue by emergency responders. It is standard operating procedure for emergency responders to check these locations first for anyone needing assistance.

Accessible Means of Egress Leading to Exit Stairs

Areas of Refuge

Exit Stairway Enclosures [IBC §1007.3 and 1019 (2003), §1003.2.13.2 and 1005.3.2 (2000)]

The IBC contains requirements for exit stairway enclosures that address fire-resistance and smoke protection, stairways and handrails, signs, and other features. The ADA Standards apply requirements for stairways to each stair that is part of a required means of egress (§210).

Exit Stairway Enclosures

[ADA Standards §210 , §504 ]

Stairways and handrails that are part of a means of egress are addressed by the IBC (§1009 (2003), §1003.3.3 (2000)). In addition, interior and exterior stairs that are part of a means of egress must comply with requirements in the ADA Standards (§504).

In alterations, stairs between levels that are connected by an accessible route (e.g., ramp or elevator) are not required to meet the ADA Standards, but handrails must comply when the stairs are altered (§210.1, Ex. 2).

Treads and Riser Specifications in the ADA Standards (§504)

Nosing Specifications

Stairway Handrails Requirements in the ADA Standards (§504)

[ADA Standards §504.6 ]

Specifications in the ADA Standards for handrail surfaces and clearances facilitate a power grip along the handrail length. Handrails can have circular or non-circular cross-sections. The gripping surface and adjacent surfaces must be free of abrasive or sharp elements. Handrails cannot rotate within fittings. The IBC also includes requirements for stairway handrails (§1009 (2003), §1003.3.3 (2000)).

Circular Cross Section and Clearance (§505.5, §505.7)

Non-Circular Cross Section and Clearance (§505.5, §505.7)

Areas of Refuge [IBC §1007.6 (2003), §1003.2.13.5 (2000)]

Areas of refuge are fire-resistance rated and smoke protected areas where those unable to use stairs can register a call for evacuation assistance and await instructions or assistance. They must provide direct access to an exit stairway (or to an elevator equipped with standby power). Horizontal exits can substitute for areas of refuge.

Features of Areas of Refuge

Area of Refuge Identification [IBC §1007.6.5 (2003), §1003.2.13.5.5 (2000)]

The IBC requires that doors providing access to areas of refuge be identified by a sign that includes the term “AREA OF REFUGE” and the International Symbol of Accessibility (ISA). Both the IBC and the ADA Standards apply requirements for tactile and visual characters to the area of refuge signs.

Sample Area of Refuge and Exit Sign

Horizontal Exits [IBC §1021 (2003), §1005.3.5 (2000)]

A horizontal exit compartmentalizes a building allowing occupants to exit the area containing the origin of a fire into another portion of the building that is protected by fire-resistance-rated assemblies (doors, walls, ceilings, and floors). A horizontal exit separates a space into two exit access areas. IBC requirements for horizontal exits address fire-rated separation, opening protectives, capacity, and other features.

Horizontal Exit

Horizontal Exit and Enclosed Exit Stairways

Elevators with Standby Power [IBC §1007.4 (2003), §1003.2.13.3 (2000)]

Exit Discharge [IBC §1023 (2003), §1006 (2000)]

Accessible means of egress must connect exits to a public way, such as a street or alley (i.e., space permanently deeded and dedicated to public use).

Exit Discharge

Exit discharge is the path from an exit to a public way

Steep terrain and other constraints can make it difficult to provide an accessible means of egress from building exits to a public way. The IBC permits an exterior area for assisted rescue, a protected area immediately outside a building exit, where a connecting accessible route to a public way from the level of exit discharge is not practicable. Alternatively, an interior area of refuge can be provided at exits. When used as an alternative to an accessible route from exit discharge to a public way, they must be provided, including in buildings that are sprinklered.

Exterior Area for Assisted Rescue [IBC§1007.8 (2003), §1003.2.13.7 (2000)]

[ADA Standards §216 , §703 ]

The ADA Standards cover tactile and visual features of signs, including those that serve means of egress. Only certain signs are subject to requirements for tactile and visual access, while a broader range is subject to the visual criteria only. Tactile signs must include compliant raised characters and braille characters and be located at doors 48″ to 60″ above the floor or ground (§703.2). Visual criteria address the height, style, proportion, and spacing of characters, as well as finish and contrast, line spacing, and other features (§703.5). Tactile and visual requirements can be met on the same sign or on separate signs.

Tactile and Visual Signs

[ADA Standards §216.2 ]

The IBC requires exits and exit access doors to be marked by illuminated exit signs (§1011, §1003.2.10). In addition, the IBC requires a tactile “EXIT” sign adjacent to the door to an egress stairway, an exit passageway, and the exit discharge (§1011.3, §1003.2.10.3 – 2000 addresses doors to egress stairways only). The ADA Standards include a similar requirement for visual and tactile exit signs at doors at exit stairways, exit passageways, and exit discharge (§216.4.1). (An exit passageway is a horizontal component of an exit that is separated from interior building spaces by fire-resistance-rated construction that leads to the exit discharge or public way.)

The ADA Standards also require that signs identifying “permanent rooms and spaces” meet tactile and visual criteria (§216.2). This requirement applies to signs identifying stairways, floor levels, and areas of refuge.

Examples of Signs Required to Meet Tactile and Visual Criteria

Exit signs (located at exits) and signs identifying permanent spaces, such as stairways, floor levels, and areas of refuge, are required to meet tactile and visual criteria. Signs providing direction to such spaces and to exits must comply as visual signs, but not as tactile signs. Instructional content included on signs, such evacuation instructions, also must meet visual criteria but not those for tactile characters.

Visual Signs

[ADA Standards §216.3 ]

Signs providing direction to, or information about, interior rooms and spaces must meet visual criteria in the ADA Standards, but are not required to be tactile (§216.3). This requirement applies to information about spaces, such as rules of conduct and evacuation instructions, exit route maps, and directional signs to exits and other elements and spaces.

The ADA Standards specifically apply these requirements to signs providing directions to accessible means of egress required by the IBC (§1007.7 (2003), §1003.2.13.6 (2000). The IBC requires that such signs be provided at elevators serving accessible spaces and those exits that do not provide an accessible means of egress. Other directional egress signs provided, including egress route maps, also must meet requirements for visual signs in the ADA Standards. In addition, the ADA Standards apply the visual criteria to posted instructions in areas of refuge required by the IBC (§216.4.2).

Examples of Signs Required to Meet Visual Criteria Only

Visual criteria, but not tactile criteria, apply to directional signs, informational signs, rules of conduct signs, and posted instructions.

Pictograms and Symbols of Accessibility

Where pictograms are provided to identify a permanent room or space, such as a stairway, they must include text descriptors that comply with requirements for raised characters and braille (§216.2). In addition, the pictogram must meet finish and contrast criteria and be located on a field at least 6″ high.

Pictograms that provide information about a room or space, including the International Symbol of Accessibility (ISA), or that are included on directional signs must comply with requirements for finish and contrast but are not required to include the verbal equivalent in raised and braille characters or to be located on a 6″ minimum high field. The ISA and other required accessibility symbols must comply with the specified symbol referenced in the ADA Standards.

Pictograms that provide information about a space or that are included on directional signs must meet finish and contrast requirements but are not required to have text descriptors or to be located on a 6″ minimum high field. The ISA must conform to the illustration in the ADA Standards (§703.7.2.1).

Other Requirements in the ADA Standards

Platform Lifts

Platform lifts, where permitted on an accessible means of egress, must have standby power (§207.2).

Fire Alarm Systems

Where fire alarms systems are provided, they must meet requirements for audible and visual features in the ADA Standards and the referenced NFPA 72 Fire Alarm Code (§215).

Operable Parts

Operable parts used by building occupants, including alarms pulls and hardware for fire extinguisher cabinets, must comply (§205, §309). They must be usable with one hand and without tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist, or more than 5 pounds of force. Non-fixed elements, such as fire extinguishers, are not subject to the ADA Standards.

Automated Doors

Maneuvering clearance is required on the egress side of automated doors unless they are equipped with standby power or they stay open in power-off mode (§404.3.2). The standards also require a minimum 32″ break out opening for doors unless equipped with standby power or a compliant manual swinging door also serves the same means of egress (§404.3.6).

Fire Safety Evacuation Planning

Fire safety evacuation planning is a critical component of life safety. Evacuation plans and procedures should address the needs of all facility occupants, including those with disabilities. Various products are available that can facilitate assisted evacuation of people with disabilities in emergencies. Mobility aids, such as emergency stair travel devices, also known as evacuation chairs, are available to transport people unable to use stairs. These devices are designed with rollers, treads, and braking mechanisms that enable a person to be transported down stairs with the assistance of another person. The Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA), www.resna.org , has developed consensus Standards for emergency stair travel devices through the American National Standards Institute (RESNA ED-1:2013 – American National Standard for Evacuation Devices – Volume 1: Emergency Stair Travel Devices Used by Individuals with Disabilities). It is important that evacuation chairs be located so that they do not obstruct required means of egress.

Common Questions

Are exit doors usable only in one direction required to comply on both sides?

Under the ADA Standards, compliance is not required on both sides of those doors or gates that can be used in one direction only, such as exit-only doors. Compliance is required only on the usable side. However, if a door or gate is usable in both directions, even occasionally, such as exit-only doors that may automatically unlock in emergencies to be usable from both directions, then compliance on both sides is required.

Can stair handrail extensions overlap door maneuvering clearances?

No, handrails and other elements cannot overlap door maneuvering clearances. However, the door maneuvering clearance can be offset up to 8″ from the face of the door to accommodate wall thickness, casework, handrails, moldings, and other elements at doorways.

Are fire extinguishers required to comply with the ADA Standards?

In general, elements that are not fixed or built in, including fire extinguishers, are not required to comply with the ADA Standards. (However, non-discrimination provisions in regulations issued under the ADA may be pertinent to the usability of equipment and furnishings by people with disabilities.) The ADA Standards apply to fixed elements, such as a fire extinguisher cabinet, and require compliance with applicable requirements, including those for operable parts and storage. Fire hose cabinets and other elements used only by fire fighters are not required to comply.

Do limits on protruding objects apply to stairways?

Yes, requirements for protruding objects are not limited to accessible routes and apply to all circulation paths, including stairways and their landings.

When door vision lights are limited to 100 square inches by the fire code, is compliance with the specified maximum height of 43″ to the bottom edge still required?

Yes. The Standards do not exempt such doors from the requirement for vision lights (§404.2.11). However, compliance is not required when the lowest part of the vision light is more than 66″ from the finish floor or ground.

Do requirements of accessible means of egress apply to employee work areas?

Yes, requirements for accessible means of egress apply to employee work areas. The ADA Standards (§203.9) require that employee work areas “be designed and constructed so that individuals with disabilities can approach, enter, and exit the employee work area” and apply requirements for accessible means of egress (§207.1) to employee work areas. Employee work areas also must include wiring for visible alarms if they are served by audible alarms, and those that are 1,000 square feet or more must have compliant common use circulation paths.

Where can one get further information or technical assistance on the IBC, including its requirements for means of egress?

Technical assistance on the IBC is available from the International Code Council (ICC) at (888) ICC-SAFE (422-7233) or by email at [email protected] . For further information, visit the ICC’s website at www.iccsafe.org .

Technical Assistance

• 202-272-0080 (voice)
• [email protected]

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Travel distance with an exterior stair

• Thread starter Amber
• Start date Apr 12, 2017

Registered User

• Apr 12, 2017

I am working on a 3 story multi-family project. There are 4 units on each floor that exit into an open to air stair that is nestled between the 4 units. I have a plan, but I don't see the option for uploading images on this forum. I am wondering when calculating travel distance, do I need to calc the distance from the far corner of the 3rd story unit and include the distance down the open stair? My understanding is that you can stop your travel distance when you reach a rated enclosure. I don't believe an exterior stair would count as that. When I've done open stairs that are interior to the building I've understood that you need to calc your travel distance to include the travel down the open stair to the exterior door.  

Sawhorse 123

Welcome!!!! So thoughts on living around Salida???  

Paying to be sawhorse level lets you upload stuff,,,,plus helps support this site Some take a picture and can link it  

Great article along with others will post answers RGLA http://www.specsandcodes.com/articles/code_corner/The Code Corner No. 29 - Travel Distance.pdf  

New construction or existing? What codes do you use? You should be able to do 125' from the furthest point in the 3rd floor unit to the bottom of the stairs if that works for you...  

Thanks. My stairs look like they qualify as an exterior exit stair per IBC 2012 1026, so looks like I can stop measuring my travel distance when I get to an "exit" which includes an exterior exit stair. For the guy that asked about Salida, it's a nice little town. Can't go wrong with rural Colorado in my opinion! Although it is a little far from any kind of real civilization.  

Amber said: Thanks. My stairs look like they qualify as an exterior exit stair per IBC 2012 1026, so looks like I can stop measuring my travel distance when I get to an "exit" which includes an exterior exit stair. For the guy that asked about Salida, it's a nice little town. Can't go wrong with rural Colorado in my opinion! Although it is a little far from any kind of real civilization. Click to expand...

You can stop your travel distance at the top if you can meet the following section's exceptions Exception 1 does not apply you are over 2 stories Exception 4 may work if you meet all 5 items Simple solution rate the walls and doors next to the stairs and no windows with 10 feet of the stairs 1026.6 Exterior stairway and ramp protection. Exterior exit stairways and ramps shall be separated from the interior of the building as required in Section 1022.2. Openings shall be limited to those necessary for egress from normally occupied spaces. Exceptions: 1. Separation from the interior of the building is not required for occupancies, other than those in Group R-1 or R-2, in buildings that are no more than two stories above grade plane where a level of exit discharge serving such occupancies is the first story above grade plane. 2. Separation from the interior of the building is not required where the exterior stairway or ramp is served by an exterior ramp or balcony that connects two remote exterior stairways or other approved exits with a perimeter that is not less than 50 percent open. To be considered open, the opening shall be a minimum of 50 percent of the height of the enclosing wall, with the top of the openings no less than 7 feet (2134 mm) above the top of the balcony. 3. Separation from the interior of the building is not required for an exterior stairway or ramp located in a building or structure that is permitted to have unenclosed exit access stairways in accordance with Section 1009.3. 4. Separation from the interior of the building is not required for exterior stairways or ramps connected to open-ended corridors, provided that Items 4.1 through 4.5 are met: 4.1. The building, including corridors, stairways or ramps, shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. 4.2. The open-ended corridors comply with Section 1018. 4.3. The open-ended corridors are connected on each end to an exterior exit stairway or ramp complying with Section 1026. 4.4. The exterior walls and openings adjacent to the exterior exit stairway or ramp comply with Section 1022.7. 4.5. At any location in an open-ended corridor where a change of direction exceeding 45 degrees (0.79 rad) occurs, a clear opening of not less than 35 square feet (3.3 m2) or an exterior stairway or ramp shall be provided. Where clear openings are provided, they shall be located so as to minimize the accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.  

If this is the only stairway (meaning you are complying with the requirements for stories with one exit) then, no, it must be measured to the level of exit discharge, since the entire path is a common path of exit travel. If you have two exit stairs, and they fully comply with all of the requirements as previously listed, then yes, travel distance stops at the first riser.  

• Apr 13, 2017

RLGA Just went through a class that covered this topic and the ICC instructor explained that if you had a separation between the interior and the exterior stairs as required by 1022 then when you exit the building at any level onto the stairs you are now in the exit discharge and the common path and exit access distance requirements end. What do you think?  

mtlogcabin said: RLGA Just went through a class that covered this topic and the ICC instructor explained that if you had a separation between the interior and the exterior stairs as required by 1022 then when you exit the building at any level onto the stairs you are now in the exit discharge and the common path and exit access distance requirements end. What do you think? Click to expand...

Either he was mistaken (probably unlikely if he was an ICC instructor), or you misinterpreted what he presented (no offense; as an instructor and professor myself, I've had my difficulties trying to explain concepts to students and other professionals). Yes, the travel distance stops at an exit; however, the common path stops when two separate and distinct paths to two separate exits is reached. In a building with one exit, that is only achieved when an occupant reaches the exit discharge at grade. An exterior exit stairway is an exit for the entire run of stairs, like an enclosed exit stairway, and the exit discharge is the point where the exit ends.  

RLGA is exactly right IMO. Common Path extends down the stair if there is only one stair.  

1021 never mentions CPOT it only talks about exit access distance. I know the numbers are the same as CPOT however the language does not refer to it. He explained the exit access travel distance ends at an exterior stair that was protected as required by 1022. You are now at an exit as defined by code. He is a good instructor who has been around a long time. The class was on exterior wall protection not exiting specifically although he teaches classes on that also. I just wonder if I misunderstood his logic or maybe he stumbled across another inconsistency with in the codes that should be ignored because it is contrary to the intent of 1021.2 1016.3 Measurement. Exit access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance to an exit. EXIT. That portion of a means of egress system between the exit access and the exit discharge or public way. Exit components include exterior exit doors at the level of exit discharge, interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps, exit passageways, exterior exit stairways and exterior exit ramps and horizontal exits.  

Common path of travel ends at an 'exit', not an 'exit discharge'. The exterior stair is an 'exit' component, partly because you have the exterior wall between you and the danger. 'Exit discharge' begins when you are at grade.  

mtlogcabin said: 1021 never mentions CPOT it only talks about exit access distance. I know the numbers are the same as CPOT however the language does not refer to it. He explained the exit access travel distance ends at an exterior stair that was protected as required by 1022. You are now at an exit as defined by code. He is a good instructor who has been around a long time. The class was on exterior wall protection not exiting specifically although he teaches classes on that also. I just wonder if I misunderstood his logic or maybe he stumbled across another inconsistency with in the codes that should be ignored because it is contrary to the intent of 1021.2 1016.3 Measurement. Exit access travel distance shall be measured from the most remote point within a story along the natural and unobstructed path of horizontal and vertical egress travel to the entrance to an exit. EXIT. That portion of a means of egress system between the exit access and the exit discharge or public way. Exit components include exterior exit doors at the level of exit discharge, interior exit stairways, interior exit ramps, exit passageways, exterior exit stairways and exterior exit ramps and horizontal exits. Click to expand...

The mention of "Maximum Exit Access Travel Distance" in Tables 1021.2(1) and (2) has proven to be problematic. The 2015 IBC has changed the wording to read "Maximum Common Path of Egress Travel Distance," which is more specific and clearly explains the intent. IMHO, even if the table states "Exit Access" as indicated in the 2012 IBC, the CPET trumps.  

Thanks We are still on the 2012 Good change in the 2015  

RLGA said: The mention of "Maximum Exit Access Travel Distance" in Tables 1021.2(1) and (2) has proven to be problematic. The 2015 IBC has changed the wording to read "Maximum Common Path of Egress Travel Distance," which is more specific and clearly explains the intent. IMHO, even if the table states "Exit Access" as indicated in the 2012 IBC, the CPET trumps. Click to expand...

JBI, that seems to be logical and I think you guys have convinced me; but if that is the intent, then I think the code still requires further modification to make that intent clearer.  

Check the handbook  

Ron, That's one reason defined terms are in parentheses, so we remember to apply them as intended/defined. (Not parentheses... italics! D'OH! . Thanks Ron)  

I assume you mean italics, but you're correct. I guess the limitation in number of stories is meant to limit the required travel down the stairs; thus, it is all starting to make more sense now. However, if the exterior stairs do not comply with with the requirements for exterior exit stairways, then they would be considered part of the exit access and CPET would apply. I guess it was my years of experience seeing apartments with exterior stairs without the "exit" protection clouding my viewpoint.  

mtlogcabin said: Simple solution rate the walls and doors next to the stairs and no windows with 10 feet of the stairs Click to expand...

Building Code. Online

3.4.2.5. Location of Exits

The Ontario Building Code | Location of Exits

(1) Except as permitted by Sentences (2), 3.2.8.4.(4) and 3.3.2.4.(13) to (16), if more than one exit is required from a floor area , the exits shall be located so that the travel distance to at least one exit shall be not more than,

(a) 25 m in a high hazard industrial occupancy ,

(b) 40 m in a business and personal service s occupancy ,

(c) 45 m in a floor area that contains an occupancy other than a high hazard industrial occupancy , provided it is sprinklered ,

(d) 105 m in any floor area , served by a public corridor , in which rooms and suites are not separated from the remainder of the floor area by a fire separation , provided,

(i) the public corridor is not less than 9 m wide,

(ii) the ceiling height in the public corridor is not less than 4 m above all floor surface s,

(iii) the building is sprinklered , and

(iv) not more than one-half of the required egress doorway ="http://thehandyforce.com/doors/" title ="Toronto Door installer">door ways from a room or suite open into the public corridor if the room or suite is required to have more than one egress doorway ="http://thehandyforce.com/doors/" title ="Toronto Door installer">door way,

(e) 60 m in any storage garage that conforms to the requirements of Article 3.2.2.83., and

(f) 30 m in any floor area other than those referred to in Clauses (a) to (e).

(2) Except for a high hazard industrial occupancy , Sentence (1) need not apply if exits are placed along the perimeter of the floor area and are not more than 60 m apart, measured along the perimeter, provided each main aisle in the floor area leads directly to an exit .

(3) Exits shall be located and arranged so that they are clearly visible or their locations are clearly indicated and they are accessible at all times.

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